SUZANNE GAZDA M.D.
  • Home
  • Meet Dr. Gazda
    • Our Practice
  • BLOGS
    • Blog - Long Covid
    • Blog - NEUROLOGY TRENDS
    • Blog - MS in the NEWS
    • Blog - Scientifically Speaking
    • Blog - Guest Articles
  • Our Approach
  • Conditions we treat
    • Alzheimer’s Disease
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
    • Long COVID
    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    • PANS | PANDAS
    • Parkinson’s disease
  • Treatment Protocols
  • Patient Stories
  • FAQ
  • Policies & Rates
  • Helpful LInks
  • Medical Resources
  • Journal Articles
  • Product Recommendations
  • Become a Patient
  • NEWS
  • Contact

Neurology
​Trends

More to know about the value of flavonoids.

12/20/2022

0 Comments

 
Picture
As we wrote in our previous blog, flavonoids been well documented for their various health- promoting effects. ​
In regard to brain health, these naturally occurring phytonutrients exert multiple neuroprotective actions, such as protection of neurons from neurotoxins, suppression of neuron-inflammation and thus improve memory, learning and cognitive function
 
The flavonoids-rich foods such as green tea, cocoa, blueberries, and other foods improve the various states of cognitive dysfunction. More than 7,000 flavonoids have been reported from natural sources including medicinal plants, vegetables, fruits and wines. 
 
Flavonoids can increase brain cell function and neuronal survival by reducing oxidative stress, activating neurotrophic factor signaling pathways, preventing alterations in protein processing, reducing synaptic dysfunction, and inhibiting inflammatory responses.  Flavonoids are also anti-apoptotic and may have anticancer activity by their ability to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis and autophagy. Researchers have found that flavonoids can dampen the progression of pathological symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis (death) induced by neurotoxic substances including free radicals and β-amyloid proteins (Aβ).
 
Additionally, they enhance vascular blood flow and enhance nerve cell growth particularly in the hippocampus, called the primary memory center of the brain.

Alzheimer’s disease: shall we have a cup of tea?  
 
Extensive investigations have noted that flavonoids attenuate the initiation and progression of AD-like pathological symptoms and related neurodegenerative disorders.
 
Flavonoids including epicatechin-3-gallate (EGCG is found in green tea), gossypetin ( red hibiscus flower) , quercetin and myricetin (a flavonoid found in tea, berries, fruits, wine, and herbs) are reported to block β-amyloid, and tau aggregation, scavenge free radicals and sequester metal ions at clinically low concentrations.
There are several types of flavonoids, including:
 
  • EGCG
Catechins and polyphenols of green tea are strong antioxidants, which chelate metal ions and scavenge free radicals.  EGCG has been reported to reduce the Aβ load via inhibition of APP modulating enzyme.  It enhances cognition and memory by uplifting antioxidant defense system, cholinergic signaling, and synaptic plasticity. It has many advantageous downstream effects in reducing amyloid burden.
Consumption of green tea has been reported to reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease, attenuate neurodegeneration and ischemic hippocampal injury. And consuming black tea is also thought to have cognitive benefits.
Picture
Picture
Though green tea is often believed to be richer in polyphenols than black or oolong (red) teas, studies show that with the exception of decaffeinated tea, all plain teas have about the same levels of these chemicals, albeit in different proportions. Especially significant, it thought that EGCG can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Looking for more ways to savor delicious and healthful tea? Check here for an easy recipe!
https://amosinstitute.com/blog/cheers-to-brain-health-a-drink-to-improve-memory/
​
  • Quercetin 
Quercetin produces a reduction in plaque burden and mitochondrial dysfunction through the activation of AMPK (a cellular energy sensor) and may be one of the mechanisms by which quercetin improves cognitive functioning (note that with AMPK activation, the downstream affects include improved mitochondrial metabolism and reduction in inflammation). Quercetin also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects and helps with endothelial damage and can cross and strengthen the BBB. 
Onions contain the highest levels — lower levels can be found in broccoli, blueberries, cauliflower, curly kale, leeks, spinach and strawberries.

  • Kaempferol
This flavonoid, kaempferol, appears to inhibit the growth of cancer cells while preserving and protecting normal cells. Kaempferol attenuates cognitive deficit via regulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Good sources of kaempferol are onions, asparagus and berries, but the richest plant sources are spinach, kale and other green leafy vegetables, as well as herbs such as chives, dill and tarragon.

  • Myricetin
Myricetin has been studied in rodents for blood sugar control and the reduction of tau, a protein that causes the hallmark tangles of Alzheimer’s and other dementia. It has been shown to be effective in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine in the brain and it upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. BDNF and NGF are crucial neurotrophic factors involved in the protection of nerve cells against stress. Spinach and strawberries contain high levels of myricetin, but honey, black currants, grapes and other fruits, berries, vegetables, nuts and tea are also good sources.

  • Isorhamnetin 
This flavonol, isorhamnetin, may protect against cardiovascular and neurovascular disease in addition to anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory benefits. The protective effect of isorhamnetin includes anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis. Good sources of isorhamnetin are pears, olive oil, wine, and tomato sauce.

  • Gossypetin: 
A recent study showed that gossypetin (also known as Hibiscus sabdariffa or roselle) found in hibiscus activates microglia, the resident immune cell in the brain.
Accumulation of toxic aggregates of the beta-amyloid proteins in certain brain regions is often linked to the decline in cognitive function characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.
 
Microglia (the brains primary immune cells) constantly scavenge various waste materials in the brain including damaged or apoptotic neurons and Aβ. Through phagocytosis of Aβ, microglia prevent the accumulation of Aβ plaque in the brain. When the microglia scavenge amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain, this helps ameliorate cognitive impairments brought on by Alzheimer's disease.
 
A recent study conducted in mice suggests that gossypetin, a compound derived from the flower of the roselle plant, which is a hibiscus species, also may hold promise as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s.

  • Citrus flavonoids
These flavonoids, such as naringenin and hesperidin, both can cross the BBB and prevent neuronal deterioration; naringenin also inhibits the production of nitric oxide in the activated microglia cells. It is mainly present in grapefruits and sour oranges, while hesperidin is present in sweet oranges, mandarins and lemons.
 
This study showed hesperidin also has affinity for the molecular docking site in SARS CoV 2 and, as such, it may hold promising antiviral properties.

  • Curcumin
Curcumin has long been known as the Spice of Life because of it’s very important proprieties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antiproliferative, anti-tumoral, and anti-aging.  The protective effectof curcumin against some neurodegenerative diseases has been proven by in vivo and in vitro studies.  Curcumin can target the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease ie amyloid and tau. Curcumin has shown promise in animal models in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and MS. 
 
Only a limited number of clinical studies have examined curcumin’s effect on human cognitive functioning, and the results are inconclusive. Researchers are nearly unanimous in their opinion that a combination of curcumin with other dietary supplements, such as piperine, α-lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, B vitamins, vitamin C, and folate, has a synergistic effect and enhances its neuroprotective effects. 
 
The BBB is the major obstacle for the delivery of curcumin into the brain, limiting its therapeutic potential. The native form of curcumin is BBB permeable, but once it has undergone biotransformation (metabolized into glucuronides), the ability to pass the barrier is lost since the conjugated metabolites are bulky water-soluble molecules and undergoes quick renal clearance.
 
The formulation of curcumin-galactomannan complex is thought to have improved central nervous system (CNS) distribution.  CurQfen®, a new generation curcumin for brain health, a green formulation of curcumin and de-bitterised fenugreek fiber as self-emulsifying hydrogel scaffold, is capable of delivering high level of BBB-permeable ‘free curcumin’ even at a low dosage of 250mg single dose.
 
BCM-95® is a patented curcumin formula that combines curcumin and volatile agents in turmeric essential oil to increase bioavailability. The formula is also comprised of lecithin and medium chain triglycerides to further assist in this process. Turmeric essential oil constitutes approximately 9% of the formulation. 
 
A 2021 study, published in Antioxidants, built on ample previous studies demonstrating the powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloid properties of curcumin with a product called CURCUGREEN's (BCM-95).

  • Grape Seed Extracts 
Grape seed contains several flavonoids and non-flavonoids and exerts potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.   GSE has been shown to improved blood pressure, blood flow, reduces oxidative stress inhibit the formation of amyloid and other neurotoxins. It is water-soluble and can cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than other natural antioxidants.
 
A 12-week study in 111 healthy older adults found that taking 150 mg of GSE daily improved attention, language, and both immediate and delayed memory 

  • Propolis 
Propolis is a natural bee product and a very good source of polyphenols
It has been shown that the active components of propolis have high binding potential to cellular Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors of the S1 spike protein and also has immunomodulatory, anti-thrombosis activities.
 
Flavonoids as cholinesterase inhibitors.
 
In the brain of a person with Alzheimer’s disease, there are lower levels of a chemical called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine helps to send messages between certain nerve cells. In Alzheimer’s disease some of the nerve cells that use acetylcholine are also lost. 
 
The pharmaceutical products like donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine all prevent an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine. This means there is a higher concentration of acetylcholine in the brain, which leads to better communication between nerve cells.
 
Flavonoids also can inhibit this enzyme (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and help restore acetylcholine (ACh) which is vital for memory by drawing upon their established antioxidant activity, which subsequently could be helpful for Alzheimer’s treatment.

  • Quercetin was found most active and exhibiting a 76.2% inhibition of AChE.
  • Myricetin has been shown to be effective in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine in the brain.
  • Ashwagandha extract also has been found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
  • Luteolin was effective, but also has been shown to decrease the formation of Aβ peptides.
 
Flavonoids in long COVID. 
 
Given all of these beneficial properties and study-proven effects, it is believed that flavonoids could be helpful in treating long COVID and post-vaccine injuries. Of note, a recent study found that oral PEA-LUT 700 + 70 mg administered bid for eight weeks increased the GABABergic activity and cortical plasticity. PEA belongs to the family of endocannabinoids, naturally produced in the body, and largely found in several food sources which can exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
 
Another study found that palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEA-LUT) have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties; the dose used was PEA-LUT (700 mg + 70 mg) per day. PEA also confers neuroprotection in the CNS by shifting microglia from the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Luteolin, a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, exerts its effects through neurotrophic and antioxidant mechanisms. Luteolin increases the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity. Additional research also looked at the value of plant-based compounds, specifically pomegranate peel extract, as a possible novel antiviral therapy.
 
Can flavonoids help with spike protein burden?
 
Flavonoids such as quercetin, myricetin, baicalin, propolis, hesperidin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), have the ability to prevent spike protein from binding to the ACE 2 receptor. 
Dandelion tea also effectively binds to this docking site preventing spike protein from binding to the ACE 2 receptor. 
 
With their beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and ability to protect cells oxidative damage, flavonoids can be an integral part of your efforts to help ensure optimal brain and overall health. They can help the body function more efficiently while protecting it against everyday toxins and stressors. 
 
As always, we encourage you to consult your physician before making any dramatic changes or additions to your current diet – especially if you are taking prescribed medications for other conditions. While it’s preferred we get our nutrients from whole, fresh food, if you do choose to supplement make sure you opt for a high quality brand for more assurance it contains the stated ingredients. 
 
Let us know if you have questions or if we can provide any additional information – we’re here to help!
 
In health and healing,
Dr. Suzanne Gazda
 
 
For more related reading from our blog archives:

 
https://www.suzannegazdamd.com/blog/study-finds-therapeutic-antiviral-effects-with-vitamin-c-quercetin-administration
 
https://www.suzannegazdamd.com/blog/food-for-thought-and-brain-health
 
https://www.suzannegazdamd.com/blog/new-study-finds-that-dietary-flavonoids-could-help-maintain-cognitive-function
 
References:
 
Harvard Health Publishing
https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/the-thinking-on-flavonoids
 
Zhang, HW., Hu, JJ., Fu, RQ. et al. Flavonoids inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis and autophagy through downregulation of PI3Kγ mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K/ULK signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 8, 11255 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29308-7
 
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/tea/
 
Rizwan, A., Zinchenko, A., Özdem, C. et al. The effect of black tea on human cognitive performance in a cognitive test battery. Clin Phytosci 3, 13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-017-0049-4
 
Pervin M, Unno K, Nakagawa A, et al. Blood brain barrier permeability of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, its proliferation-enhancing activity of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and its preventive effect on age-related cognitive dysfunction in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2017;9:180-186. Published 2017 Jan 5. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.12.012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614586/
Pervin M, Unno K, Takagaki A, Isemura M, Nakamura Y. Function of Green Tea Catechins in the Brain: Epigallocatechin Gallate and its Metabolites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(15):3630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153630
 
Yongjie Li, Sibai Zhou, Jinze Li, Yuhua Sun, Hamlati Hasimu, Rui Liu, Tiantai Zhang.
Quercetin protects human brain microvascular endothelial cells from fibrillar β-amyloid1–40-induced toxicity. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. Volume 5, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 47-54,
ISSN 2211-3835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.003.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383514001245
 
Science Direct - Flavanol
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/flavonol
 
Chen AY, Chen YC. A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. Food Chem. 2013;138(4):2099-2107. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601579/
 
Dabeek WM, Marra MV. Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2288. Published 2019 Sep 25. doi:10.3390/nu11102288
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835347/#:~:text=The%20richest%20plant%20sources%20of,kaempferol%2C%20respectively%20%5B17%5D.
 
Science Direct – Chemistry
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/myricetin
 
Jo, K.W., Lee, D., Cha, D.G. et al. Gossypetin ameliorates 5xFAD spatial learning and memory through enhanced phagocytosis against Aβ. Alz Res Therapy 14, 158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-022-01096-3
 
North Carolina State Extension
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hibiscus-sabdariffa/
 
Agrawal, P., Agrawal, C., Blunden, G. Pharmacological Significance of Hesperidin and Hesperetin, Two Citrus Flavonoids, as Promising Antiviral Compounds for Prophylaxis Against and Combating COVID-19. Sage Pub. (2021) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X211042540
 
Benameur T, Giacomucci G, Panaro MA, et al. New Promising Therapeutic Avenues of Curcumin in Brain Diseases. Molecules. 2021;27(1):236. Published 2021 Dec 31. doi:10.3390/molecules27010236. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746812/
 
Parachikova, A., Green, K., Hendrix, C., LaFerla, F. Formulation of a Medical Food Cocktail for Alzheimer's Disease: Beneficial Effects on Cognition and Neuropathology in a Mouse Model of the Disease. PLOS One. 2010. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014015
 
Yongjie Li, Sibai Zhou, Jinze Li, Yuhua Sun, Hamlati Hasimu, Rui Liu, Tiantai Zhang,
Quercetin protects human brain microvascular endothelial cells from fibrillar β-amyloid1–40-induced toxicity, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 47-54,
ISSN 2211-3835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.003.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383514001245
 
Askarizadeh A, Barreto GE, Henney NC, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Neuroprotection by curcumin: A review on brain delivery strategies. Int J Pharm. 2020;585:119476. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119476. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32473377/
 
Aman Khanna, Syam Das S, R. Kannan, Andrew G. Swick, Cristina Matthewman, Balu Maliakel, Sibi P. Ittiyavirah & I. M. Krishnakumar (2022) The effects of oral administration of curcumin–galactomannan complex on brain waves are consistent with brain penetration: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study, Nutritional Neuroscience, 25:6, 1240-1249, DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1853410
 
More about CurQfen
https://www.curqfen.net/
 
Manna J, Dunbar GL, Maiti P. Curcugreen Treatment Prevented Splenomegaly and Other Peripheral Organ Abnormalities in 3xTg and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(6):899. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060899
 
Calapai G, Bonina F, Bonina A, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Clinical Trial on Effects of a Vitis vinifera Extract on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:776. Published 2017 Oct 31. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00776
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163162/
 
Halil Ibrahim Guler, Fulya Ay Sal, Zehra Can, et al. Targeting CoV-2 Spike RBD and ACE-2 Interaction with Flavonoids of Anatolian Propolis by in silico and in vitro Studies in terms of possible COVID-19 therapeutics. bioRxiv. 2021. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432207v2.full
 
Yongjie Li, Sibai Zhou, Jinze Li, Yuhua Sun, Hamlati Hasimu, Rui Liu, Tiantai Zhang,
Quercetin protects human brain microvascular endothelial cells from fibrillar β-amyloid1–40-induced toxicity, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 47-54, ISSN 2211-3835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.003.
 
De Luca P, Camaioni A, Marra P, et al. Effect of Ultra-Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin on Olfaction and Memory in Patients with Long COVID: Results of a Longitudinal Study. Cells. 2022;11(16):2552. Published 2022 Aug 17. doi:10.3390/cells11162552
 
Mirica® - pure Levagen® Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
https://youngnutra.com/
 
Kaul R, Paul P, Kumar S, Büsselberg D, Dwivedi VD, Chaari A. Promising Antiviral Activities of Natural Flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Targets: Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):11069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011069
 
Hoai Thi Thu Tran, Nguyen Phan Khoi Le, et al. Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) efficiently blocks the interaction between ACE2 cell surface receptor and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein D614, mutants D614G, N501Y, K417N and E484K in vitro. bioRxiv. 2021. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.435959v1
Tito A, Colantuono A, Pirone L, Pedone E, Intartaglia D, Giamundo G, Conte I, Vitaglione P and Apone F (2021) Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding to Human ACE2 Receptor (in vitro): A Promising Source of Novel Antiviral Drugs. Front. Chem. 9:638187. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.638187
 
Additional sources:
 
Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Junaid M, Ullah F, Ovais M, Ullah I, Ahmed J and Shahid M (2019) Flavonoids as Prospective Neuroprotectants and Their Therapeutic Propensity in Aging Associated Neurological Disorders. Front. Aging Neurosci. 11:155. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00155
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00155/full
 
Jo, K.W., Lee, D., Cha, D.G. et al. Gossypetin ameliorates 5xFAD spatial learning and memory through enhanced phagocytosis against Aβ. Alz Res Therapy 14, 158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-022-01096-3
 
American Academy of Neurology. (2022, November 22). Antioxidant flavonols linked to slower memory decline: Fruits, vegetables, tea may be helpful. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 18, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/11/221122221308.htm
 
Devi S, Kumar V, Singh SK, Dubey AK, Kim JJ. Flavonoids: Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines. 2021;9(2):99. Published 2021 Jan 20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9020099
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7909525/
0 Comments

Your comment will be posted after it is approved.


Leave a Reply.

    RSS Feed

    Author

    Dr. Suzanne Gazda, Integrative Neurology

    Archives

    December 2022
    November 2022
    September 2022
    April 2022
    November 2021
    September 2021
    August 2021
    July 2021
    June 2021
    May 2021
    April 2021
    March 2021
    February 2021
    January 2021
    December 2020
    November 2020
    October 2020
    September 2020
    August 2020
    July 2020
    June 2020
    May 2020
    April 2020
    March 2020
    February 2020
    January 2020
    December 2019
    November 2019
    October 2019

    Categories

    All

SITE MAP

HOME
MEET DR. GAZDA
OUR PRACTICE
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE
OUR APPROACH
CONDITIONS WE TREAT
TREATMENT PROTOCOLS
PATIENT STORIES
FAQ
POLICIES & RATES
BLOG
SCIENTIFICALLY SPEAKING
MEDICAL RESOURCES
JOURNAL ARTICLES
LINKS
BECOME A PATIENT
CONTACT
NEWS
PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS

Location

San Antonio, Texas

Telephone

210-692-1245
Fax
210-692-9311

Email

baguillon@nisatx.com
  • Home
  • Meet Dr. Gazda
    • Our Practice
  • BLOGS
    • Blog - Long Covid
    • Blog - NEUROLOGY TRENDS
    • Blog - MS in the NEWS
    • Blog - Scientifically Speaking
    • Blog - Guest Articles
  • Our Approach
  • Conditions we treat
    • Alzheimer’s Disease
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
    • Long COVID
    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    • PANS | PANDAS
    • Parkinson’s disease
  • Treatment Protocols
  • Patient Stories
  • FAQ
  • Policies & Rates
  • Helpful LInks
  • Medical Resources
  • Journal Articles
  • Product Recommendations
  • Become a Patient
  • NEWS
  • Contact